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100 Years After the Indian Citizenship Act: The Continuing Struggle to Guarantee Voting Rights to Native Americans

Equal Justice Conference 2024: Discussion on Native American Voting Rights

The Struggle for Native American Voting Rights: From 1924 to 2024

On May 10, 2024, the Standing Committee on the Law Library of Congress and the Standing Committee on Election Law co-hosted the program, The Struggle for Native American Voting Rights: From 1924 to 2024. The program was presented at the 2024 ABA/NLADA Equal Justice Conference in Detroit, Michigan. Presenters included Patty A. Ferguson-Bohnee, a member of the Pointe-au-Chien Indian Tribe. She serves as Director of the Indian Legal Clinic, and Faculty Director of the Indian Legal Program at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University. Ferguson-Bohnee was joined by Nick Allard, Dean, Jacksonville College of Law. Mr. Allard also serves as the chair of the Stranding Committee on the Law Library of Congress. Ferguson-Bohnee, and Allard discussed the fight for voting rights from the Indian Citizenship Act (and before it) to the Voting Rights Act, the present-day barriers members of indigenous communities' face in voting, and the state of litigation and legislative efforts to alleviate those barriers. 100 years ago, on June 2, 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act (ICA) declared that “all non-citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States.” But this sweeping declaration did not define the nature of that citizenship or indigenous communities' relationship to it, especially regarding one of the fundamental rights a citizen possesses – the right to vote. Tribes would have to continue to fight for decades after the ICA’s passage to obtain that right and today they continue to face unique burdens on exercising the franchise.

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Expanding Democracy: Women of Color in the Suffrage Movement

The passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 did not guarantee full voting rights for all women. The long-fought struggle for the right to vote for Indigenous/Native, Black/African, Latina, and Asian American suffragists continued beyond 1920. Today, an ongoing struggle for voting inclusivity continues with a clarion call to take on present-day voter suppression.

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