ABA Formal Ethics Opinions Archive by Subject

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• Ethical Obligations Related to Disasters, Formal Opinion 482
  
• Lawyers May use Groupon, with Certain Caveats, Formal Opinion 465
• Lawyer websites require compliance with ethics rules on information about legal services and care as to truthfulness of information given, Formal Opinion 10-457

Advice to client

• Tax representation, Formal Opinion 85-352

Arbitration and Mediation

• Collaborative Law, Formal Opinion 07-447
• Duty to Third persons, Formal Opinion 06-439
  
• Required in retainer agreement, Formal Opinion 02-425

Assisting the Unauthorized Practice of Law

• Prosecutor may not furnish letterhead to collection agency for use in seeking payment where no prosecutor reviews facts of situation, Formal Opinion 469

Attorney-client privilege see Confidentiality

• Waiver of privilege does not allow disclosure of confidential information outside of judicial proceeding, Formal Opinion 10-456

Bail

• Generally, Formal Opinion 04-432

Billing see also Fees

• Contract lawyers, surcharge to client for use, Formal Opinion 00-420
• Itemizing services and disbursements, Formal Opinion 93-379

Board of directors

• In-house counsel as director, Formal Opinion 98-410

Business transactions with client

• A Lawyer’s Obligations When Clients Use Companies or Brokers to Finance the Lawyer’s Fee, Formal Opinion 484
• Bail, arranging or posting for client, Formal Opinion 04-432
• Purchase of client's accounts receivable from client, Formal Opinion 00-416
• Stock ownership as compensation, Formal Opinion 00-418

Choice of Law

• Choice of law, Formal Opinion 504

Citation of unpublished opinions

• Court rules, violation, Formal Opinion 94-386

Client files

• Disclosure to nonlawyer supervisor, Formal Opinion 95-393
• Subpoenas, Formal Opinion 94-385

Client fraud see also Client perjury

• Disclosure, Formal Opinion 93-376
• Disclosure Obligations of a Lawyer, Formal Opinion 98-412
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491
• Withdrawal, Formal Opinion 92-366

Client funds and property

• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• Ethical Obligations Related to Disasters, Formal Opinion 482
• Disposition at death of sole practitioner, Formal Opinion 92-369
• Papers and property to which the former client is entitled at the end of the representation, Formal Opinion 471
• Duty to return client property and files, not lawyer work product, Formal Opinion 471

Client perjury

• Criminal defendant insists on giving, Formal Opinion 87-353
• Disclosure, Formal Opinion 92-366
• Disclosure Obligations of a Lawyer Formal Opinion 98-412
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491
• Withdrawal in response, Formal Opinion 87-353

Co-counsel

• Joint defense consortium, Formal Opinion 95-395

Collaborative Law

• Generally, Formal Opinion 07-447

Collections

• Prosecutor may not furnish letterhead to collection agency for use in seeking payment where no prosecutor reviews facts of situation,Formal Opinion 469

Communication with adverse persons

see also Communication with corporate employees

• Reply all in electronic communication, Formal Opinion 503
• Communication with a Represented Person by a Pro Se Lawyer, Formal Opinion 502
• Settlement negotiations, Formal Opinion 92-362
• Unrepresented persons, Formal Opinion 91-359
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Communication with Client

• Office sharing arrangements with other lawyers, Formal Opinion 507
• Reply all in electronic communication, Formal Opinion 503
• Language Access in the Client-Lawyer Relationship, Formal Opinion 500
• Communication with clients when leaving a firm Formal Opinion 490 see also,  Formal Opinion 99-414
• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• A Lawyer’s Duty to Inform a Current or Former Client of the Lawyer’s Material Error, Formal Opinion 481
  
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
  
• Misconduct discovered during in-house ethics consultation must be disclosed to the client if it is related to the representation, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Fact of In-House ethics consultation need not be communicated to client unless the results require informing the client, Formal Opinion 08-453
• When served with Subpoena, Formal Opinion 473
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Communication with corporate employees

• Former employees, Formal Opinion 91-359
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Communication with represented persons

• Contacting class action members before class is certified, Formal Opinion 07-445
• Advising client about contact with opposing party,  Formal Opinion 11-461
• Authorized by law exceptions, Formal Opinion 95-396
• Criminal proceedings, Formal Opinion 95-396
• Government agency, Formal Opinion 97-408
• In-house counsel contacted by opposing party, Formal Opinion 06-443
• Limited Scope Representation, Formal Opinion 472
• Withdrawal of prior opinion, Formal Opinion 84-350
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Communication with unrepresented parties

• Contacting class action members before class is certified, Formal Opinion 07-445
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Competence

• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• Ethical Obligations Related to Disasters, Formal Opinion 482
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Criminal defense, Formal Opinion 06-441
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Confidentiality see also Disclosure

• Office sharing arrangements with other lawyers, Formal Opinion 507
• Passive investment in alternative business structures, Formal Opinion 499
• Adverse information, Formal Opinion 93-375
  
• Between multiple clients, Formal Opinion 08-450
• Confidentiality Issues when Moving to Withdraw for Nonpayment of Fees in Civil Litigation, Formal Opinion 476
• Confidentiality Obligations for Lawyer Blogging and Other Public Commentary, Formal Opinion 480
  
• Criminal defense lawyer defending an ineffective assistance of counsel claim may not voluntarily disclose confidential information without court order, Formal Opinion 10-456
• Disclosure, Formal Opinion 93-376
• Disclosure from files of client to non-lawyer supervisor, Formal Opinion 95-393
• Disclosure of confidential information for in-house ethics consultation is impliedly authorized, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Employee access to lawyer data base, Formal Opinion 95-398
• E-mail, Formal Opinion 99-413
• Generally Known Exception to Former-Client Confidentiality, Formal Opinion 479
• Identity of client, Formal Opinion 07-449
• Inferential withdrawal, Formal Opinion 92-366
• In-house counsel, wrongful discharge claim, Formal Opinion 01-424
• Lawyers and law firms engaged in job negotiations must limit disclosure of client information to that neessary for detecting of conflicts of interest, Formal Opinion 09-455
• Lawyer-to-lawyer consultations, Formal Opinion 98-411
• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• Lawyer responding to on-line criticism, Formal Opinion 496
  
• Lawyer website that encourages inquiries or communication may owe a duty of confidentiality to prospective clients, Formal Opinion 10-457
• Metadata, Formal Opinion 06-442
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Unsolicited Receipt Of Privileged Or Confidential Materials; Formal Opinion 06-440
• Obligations to Prospective Clients: Confidentiality, Conflicts and “Significantly Harmful” Information, Formal Opinion 492
• Prospective clients, Formal Opinion 90-358
• Subpoenas, Formal Opinion 94-385
• Temporary lawyers, Formal Opinion 88-356
• Withdrawal of prior ethics opinions Formal Opinion 84-349

Conflicts of Interest

• Office sharing arrangements with other lawyers, Formal Opinion 507
• Passive investment in alternative business structures, Formal Opinion 499
• Client as adverse witness in unrelated matter, Formal Opinion 92-367
• Concurrent representation of judge and litigant, Formal Opinion 07-449
• Corporate representation, Formal Opinion 95-390
• Consultation not a per se conflict of interest with firm client, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Employment negotiations with firm representing client's adversary, Formal Opinion 96-400
• Examining client as adverse witness in another matter, Formal Opinion 92-367
• Former in-house lawyer against firm, Formal Opinion 99-415
• Future conflicts, Formal Opinion 05-436
• Joint defense consortium, Formal Opinion 95-395
• Lawyers and law firms engaged in end-stage job negotiations may reveal confidential information to detect conflicts of interest, Formal Opinion 09-455
• Lawyer’s personal relationship with opposing counsel, Formal Opinion 494
  
• Medical consulting services, Formal Opinion 87-354
• Multiple representation, Formal Opinion 08-450
• Obligations to Prospective Clients: Confidentiality, Conflicts and “Significantly Harmful” Information, Formal Opinion 492
• Positional Conflicts, Formal Opinion 93-377
• Referral Fees and Conflict of Interest, Formal Opinion 474
• Representation adverse to individual member of entity client, Formal Opinion 92-365
• Sex with clients, Formal Opinion 92-364
• Temporary lawyers, Formal Opinion 88-356

Conflicts of Law

• Lawyers May Divide Fees with Lawyers in the District of Columbia, Despite rule that allows District of Columbia Lawyers to Divide Legal Fees with Non-Lawyers, Formal Opinion 464

Contact with with Jurors

• Permissible Information gathering about Jurors Using Social Media, Formal Opinion 466
  

Contingent fees

• As payment arrangement with medical-legal consulting firm, Formal Opinion 87-354
• Recovery and liability certain, Formal Opinion 94-389
• Reverse contingent fee, Formal Opinion 93-373

Corporate counsel see also In-house counsel

• Adverse action by former in-house counsel, Formal Opinion 99-415
• In-house counsel as director, Formal Opinion 98-410
• Representation of subsidiary adverse to parent company, Formal Opinion 95-390
• Sharing fee award with corporate employer, Formal Opinion 95-392

Court-appointed lawyer

• Unwanted representation, Formal Opinion 07-448

Court, obligations

• Disclosure of violation, Formal Opinion 98-412
• Dishonest discovery response by client, Formal Opinion 93-376
• Mediation, Formal Opinion 06-439
• Perjury, Formal Opinion 87-353

Court rules

• Citation of unpublished opinions, Formal Opinion 94-386

Deceased lawyers

• Client files and property, Formal Opinion 92-369

Disabled clients

• Generally, Formal Opinion 96-404

Disabled lawyers

• Reporting, Formal Opinion 03-431

Discharge of lawyer

• Wrongful termination, confidentiality, in-house counsel, Formal Opinion 01-424

Disciplinary proceedings

• Choice of Law, Formal Opinion 504
• Disciplinary Complaint filed against lawyer by opposing counsel, Formal Opinion 94-384
• Threat of charges by opposing counsel, Formal Opinion 94-383

Disclosure

• A Lawyer’s Duty to Inform a Current or Former Client of the Lawyer’s Material Error, Formal Opinion 481
• Confidentiality Obligations for Lawyer Blogging and Other Public Commentary, Formal Opinion 480
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Adverse information during bank examination, Formal Opinion 93-375
• Confidentiality Issues when Moving to Withdraw for Nonpayment of Fees in Civil Litigation, Formal Opinion 476
• Court order, Transfer of asset to avoid judgment, Formal Opinion 98-412
• Death of client, Formal Opinion 95-397
• Disabled clients, disclosing condition to client's physician, Formal Opinion 96-404
• Disclosure of confidential information for in-house ethics consultation is impliedly authorized, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Disclosure of potential misconduct by firm lawyer discovered during in-house ethics consultation to firm management is mandated by rule on representing organization, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Self-defense exception not applicable to allow disclosure outside of judicial proceeding regarding  ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Formal Opinion 10-456
• Lawyer changing firms may disclose confidential information to check for potential conflicts of interest, Formal Opinion 09-455
• Lawyer's Responsibility with Relation to Client Perjury Formal Opinion 87-353
• Lawyer responding to on-line criticism, Formal Opinion 496
  
• Metadata, Formal Opinion 06-442
• Settlement negotiations, Formal Opinion 93-370
• Statute of limitations, Formal Opinion 94-387
• Subpoenas, Formal Opinion 473
• Unsolicited Receipt of Privileged or Confidential Materials Formal Opinion 06-440
  

Discrimination

• Discrimination and harassment prohibited, Formal Opinion 493

Disqualification

• Lawyer as expert witness; material limitation on future adverse representation, Formal Opinion 97-407
• Lawyer representing lawyer with adverse clients, Formal Opinion 97-406
• No consent to concurrent representation, Formal Opinion 07-449
• Prospective clients, Formal Opinion 90-358

Division of Fees

• Fee Division with Client’s Prior Counsel, Formal Opinion 487
• In-house counsel sharing fee award with for-profit corporate employer, Formal Opinion 95-392
• Lawyers May Divide Fees with Lawyers in the District of Columbia, Despite rule that allows District of Columbia Lawyers to Divide Legal Fees with Non-Lawyers, Formal Opinion 464
• Prepaid legal services, Formal Opinion 87-355
• Pro bono organizations, sharing court-awarded fees with, Formal Opinion 93-374
• Referral Fees and Conflict of Interest, Formal Opinion 474
• Safeguarding Fees That Are Subject to Division With Other Counsel, Formal Opinion 475
• Temporary lawyer placement agencies, Formal Opinion 88-356

Electronic Social Media

• Considerations for Judges' Use of Social Media, Formal Opinion 462
• Permissible Information gathering about Jurors Using Social Media, Formal Opinion 466
• Lawyer responding to on-line criticism, Formal Opinion 496
  

E-Mail

• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Metadata, Formal Opinion 06-442

Estates

• Lawyer as fiduciary or trustee, Formal Opinion 02-426

Expert witnesses

• Ex parte contact, Formal Opinion 93-378
• Lawyer as, Formal Opinion 97-407

Fees (see also Division of fees, Arbitration and Mediation)

• Fees paid in advance for contemplated services, Formal Opinion 505
• Passive investment in alternative business structures, Formal Opinion 499
• Confidentiality Issues when Moving to Withdraw for Nonpayment of Fees in Civil Litigation, Formal Opinion 476
• Contract lawyers, surcharge to client for use, Formal Opinion 00-420
• Contractual security interest, Formal Opinion 02-427
• Corporate representation, ownership interest as compensation, Formal Opinion 00-418
• Court-awarded, sharing, Formal Opinion 93-374
• Referral Fees and Conflict of Interest, Formal Opinion 474
• Safeguarding Fees That Are Subject to Division With Other Counsel, Formal Opinion 475
• Seller may assist buyer in transition of practice despite provision requiring her to cease practice; client may not be charged for the transitioning work, Formal Opinion 468
• Stock in client corporation as fee, Formal Opinion 00-418
• Use of Credit Cards for Payment of Legal Fees, Formal Opinion 00-419

Fee agreements

• Changing Fee Arrangements During Representation Formal Opinion 11-458
• Provision that fee disputes arbitrated, Formal Opinion 02-425
• Restriction on corporate counsel's right to practice law, Formal Opinion 94-381

Fees paid by third party

• Multiple representation, Formal Opinion 08-450

Financial assistance to clients

• Bail, arranging or posting for client, Formal Opinion 04-432

Foreign lawyers

• Partnerships with, Formal Opinion 01-423

Former clients

• Materially adverse under Rule 1.9 and 1.18, Formal Opinion 497
• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• A Lawyer’s Duty to Inform a Current or Former Client of the Lawyer’s Material Error, Formal Opinion 481
• Generally Known Exception to Former-Client Confidentiality, Formal Opinion 479
  

Former judges

• Use of title, Formal Opinion 95-391
• Settlements, participation in pretrial negotiations, Formal Opinion 93-370

Frivolous arguments

• Tax representation, Formal Opinion 85-352

Government lawyers

• Conflicts of interest, Formal Opinion 97-405

Guardians and guardianships

• Duty to seek for disabled clients, Formal Opinion 96-404

Harassment

• Discrimination and harassment prohibited, Formal Opinion 493

Imputed disqualification

• Disqualification based on representation of judge extends to firm members, Formal Opinion 07-449
• Lawyer as expert witness, material limitation on future adverse representation, Formal Opinion 97-407
• Lawyer representing lawyer with adverse clients, Formal Opinion 97-406

Ineffective assistance of counsel

• Disclosure of confidential information to prosecutor defending against claim not permissible, Formal Opinion 10-456

In-house counsel see also Corporate counsel

• Conflict of interests, Formal Opinion 99-415
• Consulting in-house on ethics issues, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Contact with by opposing party, Formal Opinion 06-443
• Wrongful discharge, Formal Opinion 01-424

Insurance representation

• Conflicts of interest staff counsel, insured v. insurer, Formal Opinion 03-430
• Generally, Formal Opinion 01-421
• Multiple representation, Formal Opinion 08-450
• Settlement objection by insured, Formal Opinion 96-403

Internet

• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
• Confidentiality Obligations for Lawyer Blogging and Other Public Commentary, Formal Opinion 480
• Independent Factual Research by Judges Via the Internet, Formal Opinion 478
  
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Permissible Information gathering about Jurors Using Social Media, Formal Opinion 466

Judges

• Ethical Obligations of Judges in Collecting Legal Financial Obligations and Other Debts, Formal Opinion 490
• Judges Performing Same Sex Marriages, Formal Opinion 485
• Judges’ Social or Close Personal Relationships with Lawyers or Parties as Grounds for Disqualification or Disclosure, Formal Opinion 488
  
• Disqualification or Disclosure, Formal Opinion 488
• Independent Factual Research by Judges Via the Internet, Formal Opinion 478
• Judge's obligations when evaluating possible bias or prejudice, Formal Opinion 07-449
• Considerations for Judges' Use of Social Media, Formal Opinion 462
• Encouraging Pro Bono representation Formal Opinion 470

Judicial disqualification

• Judge represented by lawyer who is also in an action before her Formal Opinion 07-449

Law firms

• Mentally impaired lawyer, partner obligations, Formal Opinion 03-429
• Interrelationships, Formal Opinion 94-388
• Retirement benefits, restrictive covenants permissible, Formal Opinion 06-444

Lawyer-client relationship

• Generally the law firm is the In-House Ethics Counsel’s client, Formal Opinion 08-453
• Incorporating the Good Practice Guidance into evaluation of Prospective Clients, Formal Opinion 463
• Limited Scope representation, Formal Opinion 472
• Multiple representation, Formal Opinion 08-450
• Prior to class certification no lawyer-client relationship, Formal Opinion 07-445
• Unwilling client, Formal Opinion 07-448

Lawyer representing lawyer

• Unrelated matter, Formal Opinion 97-406

Legal Aid

• Legal Services Corporation reduction in funding, lawyer guidelines, Formal Opinion 96-399

Legal Malpractice

• Arbitration requirement in retainer agreements, Formal Opinion 02-425

Limited liability partnerships

• Generally, Formal Opinion 96-401

Litigation Financing

• A Lawyer’s Obligations When Clients Use Companies or Brokers to Finance the Lawyer’s Fee, Formal Opinion 484

Mental illness

• Impaired lawyer, duty to report, Formal Opinion 03-431
• Law firm partner obligations, mentally impaired lawyer, Formal Opinion 03-429

Misrepresentation

• Disclosure of assistance to pro se litigant not required, Formal Opinion 07-446

Multistate practice

• Ethical Obligations Related to Disasters, Formal Opinion 482
• Relationships among law firms, Formal Opinion 94-388

Name of firm

• Affiliated or associated firms, Formal Opinion 84-351
• Of counsel lawyer included in name of firm, Formal Opinion 90-357
• Association of insurance staff counsel, permissible names, Formal Opinion 03-430

Negotiations

• Mediation, Formal Opinion 06-439
• Settlement offer, transmission of to opposing party, Formal Opinion 92-362

Nonlawyers

• Consultant corporation, Formal Opinion 87-354

Of counsel designation

• Guidelines for designation, Formal Opinion 90-357
• Previous opinions withdrawn, Formal Opinion 90-357

Partnerships

• Foreign lawyers, Formal Opinion 01-423
• Generally, Formal Opinion 91-360
• Limited Liability Partnerships, Formal Opinion 96-401
• Non-lawyers, partnerships with, Formal Opinion 91-360
• Representing, Formal Opinion 91-361

Passive investment in alternative business structures

• Passive investment in alternative business structures, Formal Opinion 499

Prepaid legal services

• Generally, Formal Opinion 87-355

Pro Bono

• Encouragement by Judges, Formal Opinion 470
• Sharing fees, Formal Opinion 93-374

Prosecutors

• Obligations of Prosecutors in Negotiating Plea Bargains for Misdemeanor Offenses, Formal Opinion 486
• Confidentiality Obligations for Lawyer Blogging and Other Public Commentary, Formal Opinion 480
• Duty to disclose exculpatory evidence , Formal Opinion 09-454
• Prosecutor may not furnish letterhead to collection agency for use in seeking payment where no prosecutor reviews facts of situation, Formal Opinion 469
• Supervisory duties towards office, Formal Opinion 467

Pro se representation

• Communication with a Represented Person by a Pro Se Lawyer, Formal Opinion 502
• Lawyer may assist with forms and pleadings, Formal Opinion 07-446

Prospective clients

• Materially adverse under Rule 1.9 and 1.18, Formal Opinion 497
• Criminal defense lawyer defending an ineffective assistance of counsel claim may not voluntarily disclose confidential information without court order, Formal Opinion 10-457
• Duty of confidentiality, Formal Opinion 90-358
• Obligations to Prospective Clients: Confidentiality, Conflicts and “Significantly Harmful” Information, Formal Opinion 492

Recording conversations

• Generally, Formal Opinion 01-422

Remote practice

• Lawyers Working Remotely, Formal Opinion 495

Reporting misconduct of another lawyer

• In-house ethics counsel may have duty to report misconduct of consulting lawyer to disciplinary authorities subject to the firm’s consent Formal Opinion 08-453
• Impaired lawyer, Formal Opinion 03-431
• Nonpracticing lawyer, Formal Opinion 04-433
• Reporting misconduct by In-House Ethics Counsel not required where it would be based on information relating to the representation of the client Formal Opinion 08-453

Restrictions on a lawyer's practice

• Generally, Formal Opinion 94-381
• Mass tort litigation, restriction on future practice, Formal Opinion 93-371
• Retirement benefits, restrictive covenants permissible, Formal Opinion 06-444
• Settlement Restricting right to practice, Formal Opinion 95-394
• Use of information, Formal Opinion 00-417

Retirement

• Retirement benefits, restrictive covenants permissible, Formal Opinion 06-444

Sale of Law Practice

• Seller may assist buyer in transition of practice despite provision requiring her to cease practice; client may not be charged for the transitioning work, Formal Opinion 468

Scope of Representation

• Collaborative Law, Formal Opinion 07-447
  -Tax representation, Formal Opinion 85-352
• Unbundling of legal services, Formal Opinion 07-446

Screening

• Temporary lawyers, Formal Opinion 88-356

Settlements

• Aggregate settlement agreement, Formal Opinion 06-438
• Duty to disclose death of client during negotiations, Formal Opinion 95-397
• Insurance representation, objections of insured, Formal Opinion 96-403
• Judicial participation in pretrial negotiations, Formal Opinion 93-370
• Limiting use of information Formal Opinion 00-417
• Mediation, Formal Opinion 06-439

Sex with clients

• Generally, Formal Opinion 92-364

Solicitation

• Solicitation, Formal Opinion 501

Supervisory Duties

• Office sharing arrangements with other lawyers, Formal Opinion 507
• Responsibilities regarding nonlawyer assistants, Formal Opinion 506
• Solicitation, Formal Opinion 501
• Lawyers’ Obligations After an Electronic Data Breach or Cyberattack, Formal Opinion 483
  
• Securing Communication of Protected Client Information, Formal Opinion 477R
• Prosecutors:  Prosecutors with managerial authority must adopt policies to ensure compliance with rules; prosecutors with supervisory authority must ensure compliance with rules, Formal Opinion 467

Temporary lawyers

• Generally, Formal Opinion 88-356

Threatening criminal prosecution or disciplinary action

• Disciplinary action, Formal Opinion 94-383
• In civil matter, Formal Opinion 92-363

Virtual practice

• Virtual practice, Formal Opinion 498

Wills

• Client as potential beneficiary, Formal Opinion 02-428
• Drafting will disinheriting client in unrelated matter, Formal Opinion 05-434

Withdrawal from representation

• Client fraud, Formal Opinion 92-366
• Confidentiality Issues when Moving to Withdraw for Nonpayment of Fees in Civil Litigation, Formal Opinion 476
• Disabled client, Formal Opinion 96-404
• Disciplinary complaint filed against lawyer by opposing counsel, Formal Opinion 94-384
• Duty with regard to client files, Formal Opinion 471
• Indigent criminal defense workload unmanageable, Formal Opinion 06-441
• Obligations Under Rule 1.2(d) to Avoid Counseling or Assisting in a Crime or Fraud in Non-Litigation Settings, Formal Opinion 491

Witness preparation

• Ethics of witness preparation, Formal Opinion 508