WARN Act: Overview
The WARN Act protects workers and their families and communities by requiring employers to provide at least 60 calendar days’ advance written notice of a plant closing or mass layoffs affecting certain numbers of employees. Under state law, if applicable, the notice period and the content of the notice may be different.
The purpose of the WARN Act is to provide “workers and their families with . . . transition time to adjust to the prospective loss of employment, to seek and obtain [other] jobs and, if necessary, to enter skill training or retraining that will allow these workers to successfully compete in the job market.” 20 C.F.R. § 639.1(a).
Typically, obligations under the WARN Act arise when an employer has sufficient advance knowledge of the need for a plant shutdown or a mass layoff such that the employer would be able to give employees the required 60 days’ advance notice. The plant closings and layoffs caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, however, were anything but typical. Many employers felt the need to act quickly and, as such, failed to issue WARN Act notices.
WARN Act: Applicability to Businesses
Coverage under the WARN Act and similar state laws depends on the size of an employer’s workforce. Coverage under the WARN Act is triggered when an employer has 100 or more employees in the United States. Who is considered an employee for purposes of coverage is dictated by statute, which generally excludes new and low-hour employees.
WARN Act: Applicability to Layoffs
The duty to provide WARN Act notice is triggered by either a plant closing or a mass layoff, which are defined as follows:
- Plant closing is defined as a permanent or temporary shutdown of a single site of employment, or of a facility or operating unit at a single site, that results in an employment loss for 50 or more full-time employees.
- Mass layoff is defined as any workforce reduction that
- does not result from a plant closing; and
- creates an employment loss affecting either 50 or more employees and at least 33 percent or more of the employer’s total active workforce at a single site of employment, or, alternatively, 500 or more employees.
Before jumping to the conclusion that there is a duty to provide WARN Act notice, employers should carefully analyze whether they are subject to the law and, if so, whether the actions they have taken meet the plant closing or mass layoff definitions.
Exceptions to Applicability of WARN Act
There are many exceptions and nuances under the WARN Act and state law. Two pertinent exceptions in light of the current pandemic are as follows:
- Layoffs of less than six months. If a temporary layoff lasts less than six months, an employer is not obligated to comply with the 60-day notice requirements of the WARN Act.
- Unforeseeable business circumstances. The WARN Act allows an employer to order a plant closing or mass layoff before the conclusion of the 60-day notice period if the closing or layoff is caused by “business circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable as of the time that notice would have been required.” A government-ordered closing of an employment site that occurs without prior notice also may be considered an unforeseeable business circumstance.
To date, the U.S. Department of Labor has provided no guidance on whether the business circumstances exception would apply to shutdowns and layoffs caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Some attorneys and commentators believe that the exception could apply to certain industry sectors, such as restaurants, bars, and other service-sector employers that were subject to state government–mandated shutdowns.
However, for the majority of employers that have continued to operate as an essential business or are receiving government relief funding such as Paycheck Protection Program funds, the answer is far less clear. It remains to be seen how the state and federal governments will accept this exception in circumstances where operations have continued in some capacity, mass layoffs were contemplated prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, or an employer knows now that it will need to implement a mass layoff as soon as federal funding ceases.
Considerations for Employers
Employers should consider these six actions:
- Determine if you have enough employees to be covered by the WARN Act or state-specific mini-WARN laws.
- Calculate whether the employment losses occasioned by a business shutdown or layoff would meet the coverage numbers set forth under applicable law.
- In the case of a temporary layoff, determine, to the extent possible, whether it will exceed six months (if not, the WARN Act does not apply).
- Because a layoff that lasts more than six months could trigger coverage, it is important to monitor the expected length of any current temporary layoffs. If a layoff will be extended beyond six months due to business circumstances, notice is required when it becomes reasonably foreseeable that the extension is required.
- Even if the unforeseeable business circumstances exception applies, an employer still must provide as much notice as possible under the circumstances. The notice must provide a brief description of why the employer could not provide the full notice period.
- Consider whether it makes sense to play it safe and send notices even if the employer hopes to rehire workers within six months. A possible downside to this approach is that it could result in the laid-off workforce being motivated to find other jobs.
Conclusion
The bottom line is that the application of the WARN Act can be complicated. This complication is exacerbated by the fact that the law, while well-intentioned, did not anticipate how it should be applied in the face of a pandemic. If you think you may need to WARN your employees, seek legal counsel to help navigate these complicated laws.
