No Major Changes in Attorney/GAL Requirement
The ABA and several other organizations, notably First Star, the National Association of Counsel for Children, and the National Child Abuse Coalition, unsuccessfully sought four significant changes in CAPTA's requirement that a court-appointed lawyer, guardian ad litem, or court-appointed special advocate be appointed in court for every child in a child protective (dependency) case. Amendments were sought to enhance child legal representation in these proceedings in several ways. However, none were included in the final act, principally due to bill sponsors' concerns about state and local costs of implementation.
Those changes, had they been accepted by the bill sponsors, would have required that:
- Every child involved in a court case be appointed an attorney, something CAPTA, since its original 1974 enactment, has never mandated;
- This appointed attorney be designated "legal counsel" for the child, with his or her representation strictly following the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. To clarify this further, we urged removing a 2003 CAPTA amendment about the child's representative having to "make recommendations concerning the best interests of the child" language—and substituting for it "advocate in court on behalf of the child";
- The appointed attorney have "adequate time and resources" to properly handle each case, defined as not having an "excessive" caseload and receiving "reasonable and appropriate compensation"; and
- This attorney appointment continue as long as the court maintained its jurisdiction over the case, including all periods of foster care or other residential placement, as well as the process of the child's transition to adult independence" (in effect, to assure each youth has an attorney until they turn 21, if necessary).
We viewed the last provision as important in light of the 2008 Fostering Connections Actprovision of federal financial support for youth ages 18, 19, and 20 that presumes dependency court cases stay open to monitor compliance of child welfare agency responsibilities and to hold periodic timely hearings mandated by federal law; since the inception of CAPTA, it has had an age 18 cutoff for all of its protections.
There was, however, one addition to the act's provisions on representation of children in court. This added language to the mandate that every child's court-appointed representatives have "training appropriate to the role" (that language had been inserted into CAPTA during its last reauthorization in 2003). Since then, there had been no formal specification by the Children's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as to what comprises "appropriate training." In the new act, "training in early childhood, child, and adolescent development" is specified for the first time. The act also added this same language in a section on the acceptable areas of caseworker training that is conducted using CAPTA state grant funding.
Newborns with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
A new CAPTA state grant eligibility requirement modifies earlier CAPTA language that mandates identifying and making "appropriate referrals" by healthcare providers to CPS—and developing service "plans for safe care" of the child—of newborns affected by prenatal drug exposure. Added as a new category of "referral" and "safe care plan" requirements is a population of infants potentially far larger than those suffering from drug exposure: newborns diagnosed with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The FASD term is newer and connotes a broader group than those encompassed by the older term fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Several advocates had urged sponsors of the act to use the term prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) instead of FASD, as the FASD diagnosis is considered difficult to make upon the birth of a child. But there were concerns that PAE was too expansive and would subject far too many new mothers who had used alcohol during pregnancy to inappropriate interventions, and thus the FASD term was used.
FASD is now used by advocates, educators, federal agencies, and the medical and legal communities as an umbrella term to cover a range of outcomes associated with all levels of a child's prenatal alcohol exposure. This CAPTA amendment was not meant to cover all situations where a newborn's mother drinks alcohol during her pregnancy, but rather those where a newborn has facial characteristics, growth restriction, or other abnormalities (birth defects) caused by prenatal alcohol use. FASD children typically struggle in school due to decreased cognitive functioning, developmental delays, and resulting behavioral problems. Sokol, Delaney-Black, and Nordstrom. "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder." Journal of the American Medical Association 290(22), December 10, 2003, 2996.
It is estimated that FASD is five times more likely among African-American than among white children, and 16 times more likely for American Indian/Alaskan Native children. Id., 2998.
This new CAPTA provision (and the earlier requirement regarding drug-exposed newborns) is not intended to have states make prenatal alcohol ordrug exposure a category of child abuse or neglect or to make those children subjects of mandatory reporting laws. Congress carefully chose the word "referral" to avoid that. Rather, the goal is to address the safety and well-being of these children.
Bottom line:Expect to see more newborns referred to CPS for prenatal drug and alcohol exposure. Intervening early through safety plans that promote the health and well-being of these children will be key.
No Reunification Required for Parents Committing Child Sex Offenses
States receiving CAPTA state grant funding have long been expected to explicitly not require reunification of a child with a parent when a criminal court finds the parent is responsible for or abetted another child's death or when a parent's felony assault caused a serious bodily injury to one of their children. It is unclear why this requirement was originally placed in CAPTA and not Title IV-E. The new act adds two provisions. First, no reunification is required if a parent commits sexual abuse against the child or another child of the parent. Second, no reunification is required if the parent must register with a sex offender registry under the 2006 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act.
Bottom line:It will now be more likely that states will bypass reunification efforts and proceed to alternative permanency planning when a parent has sexually abused a child.
Criminal Record and Child Abuse/Neglect Registry Checks
CAPTA has a separate mandatory "background check" requirement from that found in Title IV-E. The new act cites the IV-E requirement, at 42 USC 671(a)(20), as the criteria for making these mandatory record checks. But CAPTA's provision remains broader than the IV-E provision in one important way: It mandates criminal record checks for "other adult relatives and non-relatives residing in the household"of prospective foster and adoptive parents. Unlike CAPTA, 671(a)(20) does not require criminal record checks on these other adults in the home, yet it does require checking child abuse/neglect registries on "any other adult living in the home" as well as for criminal record checks on those adults "living in the home of [any prospective] relative guardian" before federal kinship guardian assistance can be provided.
Bottom line:If other adults live in the home of prospective foster or adoptive parents, efforts should be made to ensure criminal record checks are conducted on those adults before a placement is made or federal kinship guardian assistance is provided.
CPS Technology to Better Track Cases
The act now requires that every state have "systems of technology" that support CPS's ability to "track reports of child abuse and neglect from intake through final disposition." It is not clear how this new eligibility requirement will be implemented or how it might differ from what most states already do through their federally supported Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information Systems (SACWIS). According to HHS, support for state SACWIS developmental project costs already exceed $2.3 billion (note, in comparison, that CAPTA state grant funding is now only about $26.5 million/year). However, there are states that still do not have a SACWIS or one in development. There is also no language in the act on how this tracking might be integrated with case-tracking technology used by dependency courts and funded partly through the federal Court Improvement Program (42 U.S.C. 629f).
Bottom line:This requirement is likely to play out differently in each state and will require greater clarification on the specific requirements of the technology systems and their integration with other case tracking systems.
Child Welfare Agency Data
Each year, HHS publishes a Child Maltreatmentreport that includes data collected from states voluntarily using the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Most CAPTA reauthorizations have added elements for states to submit data on "to the maximum extent practicable." The new act asks states to provide HHS data on the number of CPS personnel responsible for intake, screening, assessment of reports (i.e., as part of differential response), and for investigation of reports, and the average caseloads for each and their state's caseload or workload maximum limits. States are also asked to provide information on CPS staff qualifications, education, training, and demographic characteristics. Finally, the act asks states to provide the number of children annually referred to CPS due to newborn drug exposure or FASD diagnosis. States must also give the annual number of children substantiated as abused or neglected, under age three, who, pursuant to CAPTA, are eligible for referral and actually referred, for early intervention services under Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
Bottom line:Expect to see enhancements in statewide data collection so that new statistical information is available on CPS staff individual workloads and training, number of referrals to CPS of newborns with drug exposure or FASD, and number of infants/toddlers who, after identification as a child maltreatment victim, receive IDEA Part C services.
Promoting Family Involvement, Collaboration, and Use of Differential Response
The act's sponsors meant to feature three important themes of CPS reform in these amendments, including encouraging the involvement of family members in a child welfare agency's decision process; promoting and enhancing CPS collaboration with domestic violence services and substance abuse treatment programs, and increasing the use of "differential response" by states through the use of a noninvestigative/nonaccusatory approach to responding to reports of child maltreatment. Note that these provisions do not mandate these reforms. Rather, the act simply requires states to describein their reporting to HHS what they are doing in each of the three areas.
Placing these issues in CAPTA does not mean they are new reforms. As of March 2009, 17 states had laws establishing and supporting some variation of family group meetings that involve families in child welfare agencies' decisions about children's placements. Active collaboration of CPS and domestic violence programs has been promoted for several decades. A 2008 evaluation of the "Greenbook Initiative" showed the success of such collaborations at six demonstration sites. As of June 2009, 15 state CPS agencies already had active differential response programs, while many others were planning to implement them statewide or conduct pilot projects.
Another new provision further supports involving family members in developing CAPTA state plans. It requires this participation not only of families "affected by child abuse or neglect," but also from the ranks of community-based child maltreatment prevention agencies. Thus, it appears that from now on, the state plans filed with HHS must show they were developed with these individuals and agencies. The meaning of being "affected by child abuse or neglect" is not clarified, so it might include both family members in households where child abuse or neglect occurred as well as members of other families that may have aided a child who had been abused or neglected.
Bottom line:The act encourages family participation in case planning and placement decisions, collaboration by child welfare agencies and domestic violence programs in cases involving family violence, and use of differential response in child maltreatment cases. While these are not required, HHS wants to hear from states about their efforts in these areas, so they are likely to receive greater attention.
CPS Practices that Promote Homeless Children's School Attendance
Most of the country's homeless youth are under age 18. Many have left home due to abuse or neglect, or because their parents abandoned them or pushed them out due to, for example, disapproval of their emerging sexual identity. Some have lived on the streets for some time because they wish to be "on their own." A new CAPTA provision now requires states to assure or certify to HHS that they have programs and training for CPS personnel that address the "unique needs of unaccompanied homeless youth, including access to (school) enrollment and support." This provision appears to have been included because of concerns that a homeless youth's abuse or neglect at home, when reported to CPS, can disrupt the youth's school attendance and stability. Such disruptions are contrary to the intent of the 2008 Fostering Connections Act and the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act.
Bottom line:Expect to see improved efforts by states to train and prepare child advocates on the unique needs of homeless youth in the child welfare system, especially strategies to keep or reengage these youth in school.
Participation by Former Child Victims and Homeless Youth Advocates in System Reform
Two new provisions open the door for wider participation by former victims of abuse or neglect, including former foster children, in state groups involved with improving the child protection system. The CAPTA-mandated citizen review panels may now include "adult former victims of child abuse or neglect," and the state Children's Justice Act task forces now must include "adult former victims of child abuse or neglect" as well as "individuals experienced in working with homeless children and youth."
Bottom line:Expect to see greater involvement by former foster youth in efforts to reform state child protection systems. These youth offer a valuable perspective, so their input should be encouraged and welcomed. Homeless youth advocates will also be more involved in CPS system reforms.
Knowledge Development and Training
The act's amendments encourage HHS to support activities that build and share knowledge, or support training, on issues related to:
- CPS interagency collaborations (i.e., with health and mental health care, domestic violence, substance abuse, early childhood and special education, and developmental disability programs);
- The use of differential response;
- The improved medical diagnosis of abuse and neglect;
- The impact of child maltreatment on children with disabilities; and
- Family reunification of maltreated infants and toddlers.
The amendments also require two national studies on "shaken baby syndrome" and on how "immunity from prosecution" might promote or inhibit professional reporting and consulting in child maltreatment cases. The act also encourages information gathering on the extent to which child maltreatment reports are being screened out by state or local CPS because of cross-jurisdictional "complications" related to intrastate, interstate, federal-state, or state-tribal jurisdictional issues.
Bottom line: Training opportunities should become available in your communities on the child welfare issues identified above. The studies on shaken baby syndrome and immunity from prosecution should produce findings that will help inform future practice in these important areas. Closer scrutiny of jurisdictional reasons for screening out child maltreatment reports should help resolve complications and inform future practice.
Impact on other HHS Grant Programs
The CAPTA reauthorization continues four HHS grant programs though the 2015 fiscal year:
- Title II of CAPTA, called Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of Child Abuse or Neglect;
- The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act;
- The Adoption Opportunities program; and
- The Abandoned Infants Assistance Act.
In the Family Violence reauthorization, a new grant program, "Specialized Services for Abused Parents and Their Children," will expand the capacity of domestic violence, dating violence, and other programs in meeting the needs of children exposed to domestic or dating violence. It complements a short provision in CAPTA that permits states to use state grant funding for "provision of services that assist children exposed to domestic violence, and that also support the caregiving role of their nonabusing parents." Finally, the Adoption Opportunities amendments include language to promote new funding for projects that support postadoption services and reduce adoption disruptions and terminations.
Bottom line:The good work of four HHS grant programs designed to prevent child abuse and neglect, prevent and better respond to domestic violence, and promote adoption will continue for another five years. Expect to see support for greater protections for children exposed to domestic or dating violence and new efforts aimed at keeping adoptions intact as extensions of these programs.
