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    GPSolo eReport November 2024

    Political Activity Limitations on Government Employees and Military Servicemembers Chart

    Practical Law Government Practice

    Oct 28, 2024

    3 min read

    Civil Rights & Constitutional Law Election Law Government Law Military Practice Area Practice Areas Practice Setting

    Summary

    • This article and chart review the political activities covered by the Hatch Act and Department of Defense policy and whether certain employees may engage in those activities.
    • This chart specifically examines whether certain groups of government employees are covered by the Hatch Act.
    • Employee groups examined include federal civil servants, members of the Senior Executive Service (Schedule C), presidential appointees confirmed by Senate (PAS), military servicemembers, and certain state, District of Columbia (D.C.), or local employees.
    Political Activity Limitations on Government Employees and Military Servicemembers Chart
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    This article and chart review the political activities covered by the Hatch Act and Department of Defense policy and whether certain employees may engage in those activities. This chart specifically examines whether certain groups of government employees are covered by the Hatch Act. Employee groups examined include federal civil servants, members of the Senior Executive Service (Schedule C), presidential appointees confirmed by Senate (PAS), military servicemembers, and certain state, District of Columbia (D.C.), or local employees.

    Political activities are regulated for all federal government employees, some state or local government employees, and military servicemembers under the Hatch Act (5 U.S.C. §§ 7321 to 7326), Political Activities of Federal Employees (5 C.F.R. part 734), and Department of Defense policy (DOD Directive 1344.10).

    For more guidance on specific political activity on social media, see The Hatch Act: Frequently Asked Questions on Federal Employees and Use of Social Media and Email.

    Specific agencies may have further restrictions on employees (for example, Department of Justice, Memorandum for All Department of Justice Non-Career Employees, Restriction of Political Activities (July 8, 2024)).

    Different Categories of Government Employees

    The chart below breaks down covered employees into five groups of government workers who must ensure that their political activity does not violate law or policy or else disciplinary action may occur.

    Most Federal Employees (Group 1)

    This group is also referred to as Less Restricted Federal Employee and includes:

    • General schedule (GS).
    • Senior technical (ST).
    • Senior level (SL).
    • Special government employees (SGE).
    • Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) employees.
    • Schedule C appointees (5 C.F.R. §§ 213.3301 to 3302).

    Career Senior Government Leadership and Certain Intelligence or Enforcement Agencies or Offices (Group 2)

    This group is also referred to as Further Restricted Federal Employee which includes:

    • Career Senior Executive Service (SES).
    • Administrative law judge (ALJ).
    • Contract appeals board members.
    • Administrative appeals judges.
    • Non-career SES political appointees.
    • Federal employees from specific agencies (5 U.S.C. §§ 7323(b)(2)(B) to (3)).

    Political Appointees Confirmed by the Senate (PAS) (Group 3)

    Although this group is less restricted than Group 2, they may only participate in partisan political activity in a purely personal (not official) capacity.

    Military Servicemembers (Group 4)

    Military servicemembers on active duty. This includes reserve component servicemembers under a call or order to active duty for more than 270 days and all other training status defined by 10 U.S.C. § 101.

    For more up-to-date guidance for members of the Armed Forces, see Political Activities Guidance for Members of the Armed Force (2020) and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Political Activities by Members of the Armed Forces (2024).

    State, District of Columbia (D.C.), or Local Government Employees (Group 5)

    State, District of Columbia (D.C.), or local government employees the jobs of which are funded partially or wholly with federal funds. This group may be further restricted by “little” Hatch Acts enacted at the state or local level that should be consulted (for example, see Government of the District of Columbia, Office of Government Ethics: Ethics Manual, The Plain Language Guide to District Government Ethics (2020) and Local Hatch Act Training).

    Chart of Permissible and Non-permissible Political Activities

     

    Political Activity - General

     

    Group 1

     

    Group 2

     

    Group 3

     

    Group 4

     

    Group 5

    Run as a candidate for public office in nonpartisan elections

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.207, and 734.403.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.2.

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    No

    Yes

    Run as a candidate for public office in partisan elections

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 151.122, 733.107, 734.304, and 734.412.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.2.

    No, but some exceptions in 5 U.S.C. § 7325; 5 C.F.R. § 733.101 to 733.107

    No

    No

    No

    No, but some exceptions found at 5 C.F.R. § 151.122

    Register and vote in any election

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.403.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.1.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Assist in all voter registration drives while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.203.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.2.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Be a member of a political party

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.203, and 734.404.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.3.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Join and be an active member of a political party or club

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, 734.402, 734.404, and 734.409.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.3. DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.3.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Hold office in political clubs or parties including serving as a delegate to a convention

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, 734.402, and 734.404

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.4.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Assist in voter registration drives if for multiple political parties or in nonpartisan elections

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, and 734.403.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.2.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Assist in voter registration drives if for only one political party

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, 734.402, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.2.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Assist in non-partisan voter registration drives

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.203 and 734.404.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.2.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Act as recorder, watcher, challenger, or similar officer at polling places, an election judge or clerk, or in a similar position, to perform nonpartisan duties as prescribed by state or local law

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, and 734.403.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.4.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Act as recorder, watcher, challenger, or similar officer at polling places in consultation or coordination with a political party, partisan political group, or a candidate for partisan political office

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.4.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes, provided not in uniform, does not interfere with duties, and approval from secretary of their service

    Yes

    Drive voters to polling places in consultation or coordination with a political party, partisan political group, or a candidate for partisan political office while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.206, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.13.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes
     

     

    Political Activity – Social Media

    		 Group 1
    		 Group 2
    		 Group 3
    		 Group 4
    		 Group 5

    Express opinions on social media (for example, post, “like,” “share,” “tweet,” “retweet”) about candidates and issues while off duty and not in concert with a political party, partisan political group, or a candidate for partisan political office

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.402, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.6.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Express opinions on social media about candidates and issues while off duty (except for sharing, retweet, or like a page or post from a campaign, a message from a political party or a request for a contribution for a candidate)

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.6.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Post or comment on political entities’’ social media pages (such as Facebook pages or “tweet” @ their Twitter accounts) in a personal capacity

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, 734.402, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.6.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Use the employee’s official title or position while engaged in political activity at any time

          ·   5 C.F.R. § 151.121 and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No, but a PAS may be referred to as “The Honorable” or “special guest”

    No

    No

    Posting or linking on social media to campaign or other partisan material of a partisan group or candidate in a partisan race while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.6.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    “Like,” “share,” or “retweet” a comment or post to an employee’s social media that solicits contributions to a political party, partisan political group, or partisan candidate, posts a link to the contribution webpage for these entities, or otherwise solicits political contributions

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Advocate for or against a political party, partisan political group, or candidate for partisan public office using social media targeting a subset of “friends” or “followers” that contains a subordinate employee

          ·   5 C.F.R. § 151.111 and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.6.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Express opinions on social media (for example, post, “like,” “share,” “tweet,” “retweet”) about candidates and issues while on duty or at workplace

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.101, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.6.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Use an alias to “friend,” “like,” or “follow” the social media page of a partisan group or candidate in a partisan race (Hatch Act and DoD policy still apply)

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.202.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.3.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    List “political views” on personal page of social media

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.1.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Display a political party, campaign logo, candidate photograph as a cover, profile, or header photo on a personal social media page

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Continue to “follow” the official White House Twitter account or be a “friend” of or “like” the official White House Facebook page, after the President has become a candidate for reelection

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.3.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Create a social media account in an employee’s official capacity and advocate for or against a political party, partisan political group, or partisan candidate on the account

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121 and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Receive a partisan political email while on duty or in the workplace

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.202.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.4.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Forward a partisan political email from a government email account to the same person’s personal email account while on duty or in the workplace

          ·   5 C.F.R. § 151.111 and 734.202.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Send or forward a partisan political email from a government or personal email account to others, including subordinates, while on duty or in the workplace

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 2635.704.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344. 10 ¶ 4.1.4.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No
     

     

    Political Activity - Campaign Activities

     

    Group 1

     

    Group 2

     

    Group 3

     

    Group 4

     

    Group 5

    Contribute money to political organizations while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.208, 734.402, and 734.404.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.7.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Make a financial contribution to a political action committee using a voluntary allotment

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.208, 734.404, and 734.504.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.7.

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Attend political convention, rally, fund-raising function, or other political gathering while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.402, 734.404, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.9.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Attend and be active at political rallies and meetings while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. § 151.111, 734.204, and 734.404.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Use a service title or position or wear a uniform when endorsing a political activity

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.302, and 734.406.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.4.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Participate in campaigns where none of the candidates represent a political party while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. § 151.111 and 734.203.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10, Enclosure E3

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Participate in campaigns where candidates represent a political party while on duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Host a political fundraiser

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.208, and 734.409.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.14.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Yes

    Inviting subordinate employees to political events or otherwise suggesting to subordinates that they attend political events or undertake any partisan political activity

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.302, and 734.407.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Sign nominating petitions while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.5.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Circulate nominating petitions while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Campaign for or against referendum questions, constitutional amendments, and municipal ordinances while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.203.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10, Enclosure E3

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Campaign for or against candidates in partisan elections while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Campaign for or against candidates in partisan elections while on duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.205, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Campaign for a spouse or family member by appearing in photographs of the candidate’s family

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.307, and 734.405.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.4.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Campaign for a spouse or family member by distributing campaign literature or soliciting, accepting, or receiving political contributions

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.307, and 734.405.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.5.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Make campaign speeches for candidates in partisan elections while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.204, and 734.409.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.5.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Make campaign speeches for candidates in partisan elections while on duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.205, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Distribute campaign literature in partisan elections on duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.205, 734.306, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Distribute campaign literature in partisan elections while off duty

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, and 734.411.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Take an active part in political management or in a political campaign

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.205, and 734.408.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Provide classified, confidential or nonpublic government information to assist a political campaign

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121 and 734.407.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Run an advertisement in a local newspaper, broadcast, campaign literature, or similar material endorsing a candidate for delegate, at the request of the candidate

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111 and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.7.

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Use official authority or influence to interfere with an election

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.302, 734.406, and 734.407.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Knowingly solicit, accept, or receive political contributions (including forwarding emails or social media posts that solicit contributions)

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.303, and 734.410.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Yes

    Knowingly solicit or discourage the political activity of any person with business before a federal agency

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121 and 734.305.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No
     

     

    Political Activity - Political Expression

     

    Group 1

     

    Group 2

     

    Group 3

     

    Group 4

     

    Group 5

    Place a partisan bumper sticker on a personal vehicle and park the vehicle in a government-owned or subsidized parking lot

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202,734.402, and 734.406.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.1.8.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Display signs on their lawns and in their residences, and in similar personal circumstances

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.402.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.12.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes, but there may be more restrictions if living on military installation

    Yes

    Wear or display political buttons, non-official pictures of government officials, political or campaign literature, materials, and information in workspace, while on duty, or in a government building

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, and 734.406.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Wear or display non-political buttons or information (such as BLM) while on duty or in a government building

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.203, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10, Enclosure E3.

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Yes

    Engage in political activity while on duty or in uniform

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Engage in political activity while on duty or in uniform or official insignia using personal social media platforms

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Engage in political activity while using government property including computers, mobile phones, or tablets

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Engage in political activity in any government building

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.2.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Engage in political activity while on duty or in uniform or official insignia

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No

    Engage in political activity while using a government vehicle

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.306, 734.406, and 734.502.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    No

    No

    Yes

    No

    No
     

     

    Political Activity - Miscellaneous

     

    Group 1

     

    Group 2

     

    Group 3

     

    Group 4

     

    Group 5

    Be paid for service to or employed by a campaign or political committee (but may accept reimbursement for travel under limited circumstances)

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.111, 734.202, and 734.504.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.2.1.

    Yes

    No

    No

    No

    Yes

    Creating the inference that their political activities imply or appear to imply an agency or DoD sponsorship, approval or endorsement of a political candidate, campaign, or cause

          ·   5 C.F.R. §§ 151.121, 734.302, and 734.407.

          ·   DoD Directive 1344.10 ¶ 4.1.5.

    No

    No

    No

    No

    No

    Further-Restricted Agencies and Employees

    Further-restricted agencies and employees include:

    • Election Assistance Commission.
    • Federal Election Commission.
    • Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
    • Central Intelligence Agency.
    • Defense Intelligence Agency.
    • National Geospatial Intelligence Agency.
    • National Security Agency.
    • National Security Council.
    • National Security Division (Department of Justice).
    • Criminal Division (Department of Justice).
    • Federal Bureau of Investigation.
    • Secret Service.
    • Office of Criminal Investigation (IRS).
    • Office of Investigative Programs (Customs Service) (after the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002, these employees are now known as employees of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)).
    • Office of Law Enforcement (ATF).
    • Merit Systems Protection Board.
    • U.S. Office of Special Counsel.
    • Career members of the Senior Executive Service.
    • Administrative law judges, administrative appeals judges, and contract appeals board members.

    Practical Law Government Practice

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