Bankruptcy Code Safe Harbors

Bankruptcy Code Safe Harbors

Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors
      Edward R. Morrison, Mark J. Roe, and Christopher S. Sontchi, 69(4): 1015-1048 (August 2014)
Recent decades have seen substantial expansion in exemptions from the Bankruptcy Code’s normal operation for repurchase agreements. These repos, which are equivalent to very short-term (often one-day) secured loans, are exempt from core bankruptcy rules such as the automatic stay that enjoins debt collection, rules against prebankruptcy fraudulent transfers, and rules against eve-of-bankruptcy preferential payment to favored creditors over other creditors. While these exemptions can be justified for United States Treasury securities and similarly liquid obligations backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government, they are not justified for mortgage-backed securities and other securities that could prove illiquid or unable to fetch their expected long-run value in a panic. The exemptions from baseline bankruptcy rules facilitate this kind of panic selling and, according to many expert observers, characterized and exacerbated the financial crisis of 2007–2009. The exemptions from normal bankruptcy rules should be limited to United States Treasury and similar liquid securities, as they once were. The more recent expansion of these exemptions to mortgage-backed securities should be reversed.

In Defense of the Bankruptcy Code's Safe Harbors
      Mark D. Sherrill, 70(4): 1007-1038 (Fall 2015)
Since its enactment in 1978, the U.S. Bankruptcy Code has seen gradual but dramatic enlargement of rights for non-debtor counterparties to derivatives contracts. That enlargement of rights has generally tracked the rapid expansion of the use of derivatives in the United States. In light of the recent financial crisis, many have criticized the scope of the Bankruptcy Code's safe-harbor provisions and called for them to be narrowed or eliminated. This article rejects several proposals to narrow the safe harbors and argues that the provisions reflect Congress's effort to balance competing national policies. In contrast to many recent pieces, this article contends that the Bankruptcy Code's safe harbors provide a net benefit to the United States and its financial stability.

Third-Party Releases in Bankruptcy Cases: Should There Be Statutory Reform?
      Richard L. Epling; 75(2): 1747-1768 (Spring 2020)
Third-party releases, which can function as de facto discharges of nondebtors, have become an increasingly common feature of reorganization plans. There is no definitive Supreme Court case dealing with the legality and scope of such plan provisions, and the seven circuit courts of appeals that have addressed release issues have either disagreed or posited various legal tests and standards to satisfy the “extraordinary circumstances” bar they set for approving such releases.